Coinbase moves x402 protocol to usage-based model for agentic AI tasks

A new pricing mechanism for the x402 protocol will allow AI agents to pay for compute resources based on actual usage rather than fixed rates.

According to a Thursday announcement on X by the Coinbase Developer Platform, the newly launched “Upto” scheme enables variable-cost services for tasks like data queries and large language model inference. 

This update addresses a long-standing limitation in the protocol that prevented efficient payments for services where costs are not known upfront.

Solving the flat-fee bottleneck

“Until now, x402 only supported exact, fixed-price payments. That works great for deterministic APIs. But it blocked an entire category of services where the cost depends on usage, such as token count, compute time, or query complexity,” the Coinbase Developer Platform stated.

The technical framework operates as an Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM) implementation that supports all ERC20 tokens. To further streamline the process, the CDP Facilitator has been integrated to allow for transactions without gas fees.

Under this new arrangement, sellers set a maximum price while buyers authorize a spending limit for a specific task. Once the AI agent completes the request, the server calculates the precise cost and charges only for the resources consumed. 

This prevents the previous issue where users frequently overpaid for simple tasks or underpaid for complex ones because the protocol could not adjust for fluctuating server-side demands.

Industry adoption of the x402 protocol has grown as companies prepare for the rise of agentic commerce, a sector that requires rapid, frictionless payments to handle high network demand. 

While Coinbase originally developed the protocol, the company recently transferred ownership to the nonprofit Linux Foundation. Major technology players, including Google, Microsoft, and Amazon Web Services, now hold stakes in the protocol through the x402 Foundation.